Theoretical Frameworks or Perspectives in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Frameworks or Perspectives in Psychology Essay Initially psychology was developed using the mental thinking expressed by persons interested in developing the subject of psychology. But John B. Watson differed from that approach and he pioneered the approach in which visible behavior and visible environmental stimulus became the subject of study. B. F. Skinner developed this behavioristic framework further by bringing in the contingent environmental consequences. Behavior is not the outcome of stimulus alone, but it is an outcome determined by the stimulus as well as the contingent environmental consequences of a behavior. This means, there are alternative behaviors for the same stimulus and which behavior is exhibited by a person depends on expected environmental consequences. Cognitive perspective on psychology have developed by arguing that human beings are capable of thinking and concepts related to thinking must be brought into the subject of psychology whose objective is to explain behavior. Even though, one cannot see or observe thinking, still developing concepts related to thinking and using the concepts to explain behavior is required in psychology. Even though one cannot see or observe gravitation, the concept of gravitation is a useful concept in physics. Similarly, concepts related to thinking or cognition are to be developed and used in psychology was the argument of propopents of congitive approach to psychology. The perspectives in psychology have influenced the development of organizational behavior. Cognitive Framework Cognitive approach emphasizes the positive and freewill aspects of human behavior and uses concepts such as expectancy, demand, and intention. Cognition can be simply defined as the act of knowing an item of information. In cognitive framework, cognitions precede behavior and constitute input into the person’s thinking, perception, problem solving, and information processing. The work of Edward Tolman can be used to represent the cognitive theoretical approach. According to Tolman, learning consists of the expectancy that a particular event will lead to a particular consequence. This cognitive concept of expectancy implies that organism is thinking about, or is conscious or aware of the goal and result of a behavior exhibited by it. It means that a person desires a goal and also knows the behavior that will lead to achievement of the goals. In the subject of organizational behavior, cognitive approach dominates the units of analysis such as perception, personality and attitudes, motivation, behavioral decision making and goal setting. Behavioristic Framework Pioneer behaviorists Ivan Pavlov and Jon B. Watson stressed the importance of studying observable behaviors instead of the elusive mind. They advocated that behavior could be best understood in terms of stimulus and response (S-R). They examined the impact of stimulus and felt that learning occurred when the S-R connection was made. Modern behaviorism, that marks its beginning with B. F. Skinner, advocates that behavior in response to a stimulus is contingent on environmental consequences. Thus, it is important to note that behaviortistic approach is based on observable behavior and environmental variables (which are also observable). Social Cognitive Framework Social learning theory takes the position that behavior can best be explained in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction among cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants. The person and the environmental situation do not function as independent units but, in conjunction with behavior itself, reciprocally interact to determine behavior. It means that cognitive variables and environmental variables are relevant, but the experiences generated by previous behavior also partly determine what a person becomes and can do, which, in turn, affects subsequently behavior. A persons cognition or understanding changes according to the experience of consequences of past behavior. Bandura developed social learning theory into the more comprehensive social cognitive theory (SCT). Stajkovic and Luthans have translated this SCT into the theoretical framework for organizational behavior. Social cognitive theory recognizes the importance of behaviorism’s contingent environmental consequences, but also includes cognitive processes of self regulation. The social part acknowledges the social origins of much of human thought and action (what individual learns from society), whereas the cognitive portion recognizes the influential contribution of thought processes to human motivation, attitudes, and action. In social cognitive theoretical framework, organizational participants are at the same time both products and producers of their personality, respective environments, and behaviors. The participants as a group of produce the environment, every individual is a product of the enironment and through his behavior changes the environment for others as well as for himself, every individual is a product of his personality, but also influences his personality as consequence of results of his behavior.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - The Value System in Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

The Value System Revealed in Beowulf  Ã‚   Beowulf is a deeply serious commentary on human life with the main characters embodying a pronounced and coherent set of values. They are also the representatives of the outlined code for conduct and behaviour of those times. Honour, generosity and trust may seem to be the key words in the code. The protagonists reiterate in actions and words a belief in the importance of generosity of spirit and self awareness that make man a responsible member of the society. Beowulf secures the future of his thanes, in case of his death, not leaving them up to their own fate. He proves that in the warrior society, human relationships must be based on mutual respect and trust rather than subordination of one man to another. A warrior vowing loyalty to his lord becomes a voluntary companion more than his servant, taking pride defending him and fighting in battles. In return, he receives affectionate care and rich rewards - e.g. seen in Hrothgar’s attitude to Beowulf’s achievements. The relationship between the relatives is also a part of the outlined characteristics of conduct - if a person was killed, a relative was obliged to kill the slayer or execute the wergild (â€Å"manprice†), even if the killing was accidental. In fact, the money was less important than the actual carrying out of the kinsman’s duty. â€Å"It is better for a man to avenge his friend than to much mourn† – states Beowulf firmly, reiterating the weight attached to the moral responsibilities rather than attention drawn to the materialistic possessions. They were valued highly - the treasure gained in battles improved the well being but it was more of a common factor spiritually uniting the warriors and allowing them to fully realise their potentials. Still, family was the priority. King Hrethel (‘grandfather’ of Beowulf), however, may exemplify a clash in following the code and set values. One of his sons accidentally killed another; by code of kinship king Hrethel was forbidden to exact compensation from a kinsman, yet by the same code he was required to do one in order to avenge death. He was trapped in a situation without a moral way out and therefore Hrethel refused to face life any longer. Marriage also appears to be a part of the general code. It was a form of alliance between the fighting tribes e.

Health and social care Essay

Explain how communication affects relationships in the work settings Depending on whether communication needs are met you can encourage an individual to participate or discourage support and trust. By making sure communication needs are met you encourage equality and promote empathy and shared understanding. Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication Consider the person you are talking to and find out their preferred method of communication by seeking out advice from their care plan or family and friends, you have to take into consideration their language, weather they use sign language, prompt cards or expressions etc. Observing the individual while they communicate will give you a good indication of their preferred method of communication. Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in different ways. Hand gestures, voice tones, languages and touch are all methods of communication but may be interpreted or used differently with people from different backgrounds or cultures. for example i may shout to express annoyance and another individual may shout to show excitement. Identify barriers to effective communications Barriers may include: Not understanding or being aware of an individual’s beliefs, needs, wishes, values and culture. Not making communication aids available or making sure they are in working order. Being dismissive and unresponsive. Not taking the time to listen and understand, not giving the person a choice to talk in privacy and being in a noisy environment. Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively To help an individual communicate sufficiently you can obtain support from the persons GP, family/ friends, Social worker and advocate. You can ask for help also of speech and language services, translation services and interpreting services Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality Confidentiality means to keep information safe and private. You should only pass on information when having obtained consent from the individuals, on a need to no basis or when the individual is in immediate danger Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individual’s confidentiality and disclosing concerns. This may be breeching a person’s confidentiality and not respecting the individual’s right to privacy. Putting the rights of others before the individual and it could also be a safe guarding issue 50118195.CU1531 – Engage in personal development in health and social care or children’s and young people’s settings. Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role To support adults with physical, mental and learning disabilities to live independently, ensuring all paperwork is complete, clear and concise and in line with company guidelines. Making sure I follow care plans, and helping the individuals to achieve life goals and ambitions. Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards I am expected to adhere to the contract that my company has put in place that I signed on accepting the job role and the job description. I am expected to work within the company and legal guidelines.

Joy Luck Club Film - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 683 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Joy Luck Club Essay Did you like this example? In the joy luck club film there were four stories all dealing with different teaching methods different emotions. All the mothers and children had something emotional happen to them. Thats where the diverse parenting styles come in. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Joy Luck Club Film" essay for you Create order The first story would be Ai-Mei and Rose the way Ai-Mei raised rose was that she wanted the best for her. For her not to be treated without respect she wanted her to have dignity, she wasnt really strict she just always had great advice for rose because when she realized that she was showing the same similarities as her grandmother not knowing her worth but after hearing her grandmother story she finally stood up to her american husband Ted. The second story would be Lindos and Waverly. Lindo was taught to be humble and bite her tongue and hide her thoughts until she feel at a disadvantage she learned this strategy in china while being in a loveless marriage. She later realized her worth so she walked away from her marriage so she wouldnt disappoint her family. When Lindo later had a child she taught her daughter the same way. Lindo had very strict parenting method she wanted her to be perfect she always wanted the best for her child but waverly felt as though her mother was being to controlling. The third story would be about Suyuan and June , June takes her mothers place in the joy luck club after she dies , June is American she grew up different from the rest mostly feeling misunderstood and frustrated with herself because she did not know what she wanted to do as she was growing up. June felt like she went unnoticed for years by her mother because they didnt connect like the rest of the daughters and their mothers , after a long emotion conversation June began to realize that her Suyuan knew that her daughter was different she just didnt know how to accept it , knowing her mothers story helped her realize that they were both stronger than they thought they could ever be. Ying-ying and lena ying-ying married young, it was a happy marriage but it got really bad after they had their baby, her husband would cheat on her he would use the baby. Ying ying felt like he loved the baby more than her so she kills the baby it really hurt but ying ying felt like it would hurt him how he hurt her. She then had a second daughter lena shes really smart because her mother raised her to know her worth. The story that stood out to me the most would have to be lindo and waverly story because lindo pushed waverly to do better and always be the best. My mother always tell me i need you to do this that and the third in order to be here at a certain age i always feel pressured even to this day and thats kinda how me and waverly relate to each other both our parents only worrying about how our failure would affect them pride wise and not looking at it as if we fail on our own and dont feel bad about it it would only make us want to do better. The values that the mother wants to pass on would be in order to do best you have to push yourself none stop, you have to know how to talk to people for you to get far in life. The love in this story really wasnt being expressed because lindo really didnt know how to show it she was always strict and worrying about being controlling waverly felt like her mother didnt love her. The parenting relationship between the mother and the daughter i would have to say obedience lindo wanted her daughter to always listen to her no matter what. How waverly copes with her american identity is always being first best at everything because thats how she was raised in society. For example when they were sitting at the dinner table she made a smart remark about how rose paper didnt sound sophisticated.